Why the Hyksos Left Egypt: Theories and Historical Debate

Scholars propose several reasons for the Hyksos departure (~1550 BCE):

1. Expulsion by Theban kings – Native Egyptian rulers reconquered the Delta.
2. Internal divisions – Hyksos were a multi-ethnic coalition prone to fragmentation.
3. Regional power shifts – Rise of Hittites and a resurgent Middle Kingdom Egypt.
4. Economic factors – Trade route changes may have undermined their wealth.

The exact cause remains debated; a combination is likely.