What evidence shows that Djenne-Djeno was a major trading city in west Africa?

There is substantial evidence pointing towards Djenne-Djenno's significance as a major trading hub in West Africa:

1. Archaeological Findings: Excavations at Djenne-Djenno have uncovered a vast array of trade goods and artifacts, indicating its central role in interregional trade. These include gold, copper, glass beads, pottery, tools, and textile fragments.

2. Trade Routes: The city was strategically situated at the intersection of several major trade routes. The Niger River, which flows through Djenne-Djenno, facilitated trade with regions upstream and downstream, including the Niger Delta and the inland areas. Additionally, trans-Saharan trade routes connected Djenne-Djenno with North Africa and the Mediterranean.

3. Currency and Market System: Djenne-Djenno developed an early form of currency called "cowrie shells," which were widely used for trade in West Africa. The presence of specialized market areas within the city suggests a well-organized and bustling trade network.

4. Urbanization: The size and layout of Djenne-Djenno, with its well-planned streets, public spaces, and fortifications, indicate that it was a thriving urban center heavily reliant on trade.

5. Cultural Exchange: The city served as a cultural melting pot, where diverse ethnic groups, languages, and artistic styles came together. This exchange facilitated the spread of ideas, technologies, and cultural practices throughout West Africa.

6. Historical Accounts: Written accounts from Arab travelers and scholars, such as Al-Bakri and Ibn Battuta, mention Djenne-Djenno's prominence as a trading center, describing its bustling markets and the wide range of goods available.

Taken together, these factors provide strong evidence that Djenne-Djenno played a vital role in the economic and cultural development of West Africa, connecting it with other regions and facilitating the flow of goods, ideas, and technology.