Highly educated record-keepers who read and wrote hieroglyphics.
Cultivated wheat, barley, vegetables in the fertile Nile Valley.
Produced pottery, jewelry, furniture, textiles with exceptional skill.
Exchanged goods with Mesopotamia, Nubia, and beyond.
Defended the kingdom from invasions and nomadic raids.
Conducted rituals, maintained temples for the polytheistic religion.
Managed law, taxation, public works; appointed by the pharaoh.
Performed domestic labor for the elite at the bottom of the social hierarchy.