Dense interior with banyan, mape, breadfruit trees; understory of ferns, orchids, bromeliads; endemic tiare flower and miro tree.
Coconut palms, ironwood, sea hibiscus; mangroves in lagoons; beach hibiscus, naupaka, sea grape on shores.
Vanilla, sugarcane, pineapple plantations; banana, papaya, mango, avocado orchards; tiare flower farms for monoi oil.
Higher elevations host stunted trees, mosses, epiphytes, and unique high‑altitude species.