Countries on the Apennine Peninsula: Italy, San Marino, and Vatican City

The Apennine Peninsula (also known as the Italian Peninsula) is home to three sovereign states:

• Italy – occupying the vast majority of the peninsula.
• San Marino – a landlocked microstate entirely surrounded by Italy, near the Adriatic coast.
• Vatican City – an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, the spiritual center of the Roman Catholic Church.

All three share deep historical, cultural, and economic ties shaped by the peninsula's geography.