Europeans brought diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza) to which Native Americans had no immunity, decimating populations and wiping out entire villages.
European settlers seized traditional lands, causing conflict and displacement. New farming and grazing practices disrupted the environment and reduced resources.
Missionaries suppressed traditional beliefs, converting Native Americans to Christianity. Alcohol and firearms introduced social problems and conflict.
Native Americans faced violence from settlers, miners, soldiers—massacres, forced slavery, physical and sexual abuse.
The combination of disease, land loss, cultural disruption, and violence led to the genocide of many tribes; some were entirely wiped out, survivors forced into poverty and isolation.