Vegetation regions (biomes / phytogeographic zones) are named primarily by their dominant plant life-form and species composition, which reflect climate, soil, and disturbance history.
| Region | Climate | Dominant Vegetation | Example Locations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tropical Rainforest | Hot, wet, aseasonal | Tall, dense, multi-strata broadleaf evergreen | Amazon, Congo, SE Asia |
| Temperate Rainforest | Mild, wet, oceanic | Conifer/broadleaf evergreen, epiphytes | PNW USA, Chile, NZ, Tasmania |
| Temperate Deciduous Forest | 4 seasons, mod. precip | Broadleaf deciduous (oak, maple, beech) | E US, Europe, E Asia |
| Boreal Forest (Taiga) | Cold, short summer | Coniferous (spruce, fir, pine, larch) | Canada, Russia, Scandinavia |
| Temperate Grassland | Seasonal drought, fire | Grasses, forbs; few trees | Prairie, Pampas, Steppe, Veld |
| Savanna | Tropical wet-dry | Grasses + scattered trees (acacia, baobab) | Africa, N Australia, Cerrado |
| Mediterranean (Chaparral/Matorral/Fynbos/Kwongan) | Wet winter, dry summer | Sclerophyllous shrubs, fire-adapted | CA, Chile, Med Basin, SA, SW Aus |
| Desert | Arid (<250 mm) | Sparse: succulents, ephemerals, shrubs | Sahara, Sonoran, Atacama, Gobi |
| Tundra | Polar/alpine, permafrost | Moss, lichen, dwarf shrub, sedge | Arctic, high Alps/Himalaya |
Naming follows dominant physiognomy + climate + geography—but boundaries are fuzzy, dynamic, and increasingly human-shaped.