- Location: The Kingdom of Kush was located in what is now northern Sudan.
- Duration: Lasted from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD.
- Highlights: The Kingdom of Kush was known for its advanced civilization, which included a system of writing, art, and architecture. The Kushite rulers also built a number of pyramids and temples.
- Decline: The Kingdom of Kush declined due to a combination of factors, including invasions by foreign powers and internal political instability.
2. The Kingdom of Meroë
- Location: The Kingdom of Meroë was located in what is now central Sudan, and was established by the Kushite rulers after the decline of the Kingdom of Kush.
- Duration: The Kingdom of Meroë lasted from the 4th century BC to the 4th century AD.
- Highlights: The Kingdom of Meroë was known for its advanced irrigation systems and its production of iron. The Meroitic rulers also built a number of temples and pyramids, some of which are still standing today.
- Decline: The Kingdom of Meroë declined due to a combination of factors, including invasions by foreign powers, internal political instability, and changes in the Nile River's course.
3. The Kingdom of Nobatia
- Location: The Kingdom of Nobatia was located in what is now northern Sudan.
- Duration: Lasted from the 4th century AD to the 6th century AD.
- Highlights: The Nobatian rulers were often Christian and built a number of churches and monasteries. They also traded with Egypt and the Byzantine Empire.
- Decline: The Kingdom of Nobatia was annexed by the Kingdom of Makuria in the 6th century AD.
