European Countries Starting with H: Four (With Caveats)

Depending on definition, four entities starting with "H" are considered European countries or equivalents:

1. Hungary – Sovereign state, EU member.
2. Herzegovina – Not a country; the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the sovereign state).
3. Holland – Not a country; two provinces (North/South Holland) of the Netherlands (the sovereign state). Commonly used as synecdoche.
4. Holy See (Vatican City) – Sovereign city-state, UN observer, distinct from Vatican City territory but often conflated. "Holy See" starts with H.

Strictly sovereign states: Only Hungary and Holy See qualify. Herzegovina and Holland are sub-national or informal names.