What is killing the forests of northern Europe?

The forests of northern Europe are primarily threatened by climate change, particularly rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. These changes have led to increased drought stress, heat waves, and bark beetle infestations, all of which have contributed to the decline of forest health and the loss of tree cover in the region. Additionally, human activities such as logging, air pollution, and land conversion for agriculture and urbanization have also contributed to the degradation of forest ecosystems in northern Europe.