Wars Between Spain and Portugal: Historical Conflicts

Spain and Portugal have fought multiple wars across centuries:

1. 1383–85 Portuguese Interregnum / Crisis – Castile invaded to claim throne via Beatrice; João of Aviz won at Aljubarrota (1385), securing independence.
2. 1580–1640 Iberian Union – Not a war but dynastic union under Habsburgs; ended with Portuguese Restoration War (1640–68).
3. 1702–15 War of Spanish Succession – Portugal backed Archduke Charles; Spain/France backed Philip V. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave Portugal territorial gains (Sacramento Colony, etc.).
4. 1762–63 Seven Years' War (Fantastic War) – Spain invaded Portugal (ally of Britain); British-Portuguese forces repelled invasion. Status quo ante bellum.
5. 1807–14 Peninsular War – France invaded both; Spain & Portugal allied with Britain; guerrilla warfare expelled French.
6. 1801 War of the Oranges – Brief Spanish invasion (backed by France); Portugal ceded Olivenza (still disputed).

Despite conflicts, they share deep cultural, linguistic, and imperial history; now EU/NATO partners.