On July 12 1812, United States forces invaded upper Canada in several locations. The U.S. forces at Detroit under General William Hull surrendered on August 16 without firing a shot. In the Niagara campaign. New York volunteer militia under Stephen Van Rensselaer invaded Queenston Heights, Ontario on October 13. The invasion failed when most of the militia refused to cross the Niagara River to reinforce their comrades who had crossed with Rensselaer. On November 7, American troops won a decisive victory in the Battle of Tippecanoe, effectively ending the threat of Tecumseh's Confederacy and securing the western U.S. frontier for the remainder of the war.