Three Eras of Greek Government After the Dark Ages: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic

1. Archaic Greece (750–500 BC)

This period saw the rise of the city-state (polis), new art and literature forms, and the emergence of philosophy. City-states were often governed by wealthy landowners, though some developed early democracies where all citizens had a say.

2. Classical Greece (500–323 BC)

Considered the golden age of Greek civilization, this era featured the rise of Athens as the leading city-state. Athens was a democracy based on isonomia (equality under law). It produced some of the greatest works of Greek art, literature, and philosophy.

3. Hellenistic Greece (323–146 BC)

Beginning with Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC, his empire was divided among his generals, who established their own kingdoms. This period saw the spread of Greek culture across the Mediterranean and the rise of new artistic and literary forms.