Centuries of conflict between native Irish and British rule, religious divisions (Protestant/Catholic), and land disputes during the Irish Land Wars.
Nationalist parties (Irish Parliamentary Party, later Sinn Féin) sought autonomy or independence from the UK.
Radical groups advocated for an independent Irish republic.
Major uprising against British rule; harsh British response inflamed tensions.
British attempts to impose conscription in Ireland met fierce resistance.
Guerrilla warfare between IRA and British forces.
Partition created the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland; treaty sparked civil war between pro- and anti-treaty factions.
Sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland fueled by political grievances and inequality.
Republican paramilitaries used violence for political goals.
Economic disparities, discrimination, and unequal resource access fueled resentment.
History of violence created cycles of retribution, fear, and mistrust, hindering peaceful resolution.