In 1519-1521 the Spanish conquer Mexico what were results of conquest?

The Spanish conquest of Mexico, led by Hernán Cortés between 1519 and 1521, had a profound and lasting impact on both Mexico and Spain. Here are some of the key results of the conquest:

1. Fall of the Aztec Empire: The conquest marked the end of the mighty Aztec Empire, which had dominated central Mexico for several centuries. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, was destroyed, and the Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, was captured and executed.

2. Establishment of Spanish Rule: The Spanish established their rule over Mexico, creating the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Spanish viceroyalty lasted for nearly 300 years, until Mexico gained its independence in 1821.

3. Introduction of European Diseases: The arrival of the Spanish brought with it European diseases such as smallpox and measles, which devastated the indigenous population of Mexico. It is estimated that up to 80% of the native population died from these diseases.

4. Cultural Exchange: The conquest led to a significant cultural exchange between the Spanish and the indigenous people of Mexico. Spanish language, religion (Catholicism), and customs were introduced to Mexico, while indigenous traditions, art, and cuisine were adopted by the Spanish settlers.

5. Economic Exploitation: The Spanish exploited the natural resources of Mexico, including gold, silver, and other minerals, for their own economic benefit. This led to the forced labor of indigenous people in the mines and on plantations, resulting in harsh working conditions and significant loss of life.

6. Social Hierarchy: The Spanish established a rigid social hierarchy, with the Spanish ruling class at the top, followed by the indigenous people and African slaves. This hierarchical system created deep divisions and tensions within Mexican society.

7. Encomienda System: The encomienda system was implemented, where Spanish settlers (encomenderos) were granted control over indigenous communities and could collect tribute and labor from them in exchange for protection and religious instruction. This system often led to abuses and further exploitation of the indigenous people.

8. Indigenous Resistance: Despite the conquest, indigenous groups in various parts of Mexico continued to resist Spanish rule and maintain their own cultural traditions and identities. This led to several indigenous rebellions and uprisings throughout the colonial period.

9. Mestizaje: The conquest resulted in the mixing of Spanish and indigenous populations, leading to the emergence of a new mestizo population. Mestizos became a significant part of Mexican society and played a crucial role in shaping Mexican identity.

10. Legacy of Colonialism: The Spanish conquest and subsequent colonial rule had a lasting impact on Mexico's political, economic, social, and cultural development. The effects of colonialism can still be felt in contemporary Mexican society.