Results of U.S. Actions in Mexico and China (19th–Early 20th Century)

Mexico

• Mexican–American War (1846–48) – U.S. gained 55% of Mexico's territory (California, NV, UT, AZ, NM, CO, WY) via Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ($15M).
• Gadsden Purchase (1854) – Additional southern AZ/NM for railroad route ($10M).
• Interventions (1914, 1916) – Veracruz occupation, Pershing's Punitive Expedition (Villa).
• Long-term: Border tensions, migration, economic integration (NAFTA/USMCA).

China

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – Barred Chinese labor immigration; first race-based restriction.
• Open Door Policy (1899–1900) – Sought equal trade access; opposed colonial partition.
• Boxer Rebellion (1900) – U.S. joined 8-nation alliance; indemnity funded Chinese students in US (Boxer Indemnity Scholars).
• Philippines acquisition (1898) – Spanish–American War gave U.S. Asian foothold; Philippine–American War followed.
• WWII alliance – Supported Chiang Kai-shek; post-war split (PRC 1949) led to decades of non-recognition.

These actions shaped U.S. as a Pacific power and left complex legacies in both regions.