- Desert and semi-desert climates with low precipitation
- Warm to hot temperatures throughout the year, with occasional extremes of heat and cold
- Limited water resources, with some regions experiencing water scarcity
- Vegetation adapted to arid conditions, including cacti, succulents, and drought-tolerant shrubs and trees
South Mexico:
- Tropical and subtropical climates with abundant precipitation
- Warm and humid temperatures, with relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year
- Rich water resources, including numerous rivers, lakes, and coastal areas
- Lush vegetation, including rainforests, mangroves, and tropical deciduous forests