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1. Control of the Political System by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI): The PRI maintained a dominant role in Mexican politics for over 70 years, winning every presidential election from 1929 to 2000. This was achieved through various means, including control over the electoral process, limitations on opposition parties, and suppression of dissent.
2. Weak and Divided Opposition: The opposition parties during this period were fragmented and lacked the resources and support necessary to challenge the PRI effectively. This allowed the PRI to remain in power without the need for democratic reforms.
3. Electoral Fraud and Manipulation: Instances of electoral irregularities, including ballot stuffing, intimidation of voters, and manipulation of results, contributed to the lack of trust in the democratic process. These practices prevented fair competition and undermined the credibility of elections.
4. Patronage and Clientelism: The PRI used a system of political patronage and clientelism to maintain its control. Government resources and benefits were selectively distributed to supporters, creating a network of loyalists and discouraging dissent.
5. Limited Freedoms and Suppression of Civil Society: Civil society organizations and independent media were often restricted in their activities, as the government implemented measures to control public discourse and limit dissent.
6. Economic and Political Interests: Powerful economic and political elites closely aligned with the PRI benefited from the status quo and resisted any significant democratic changes.
It wasn't until the end of the 20th century and early 2000s that Mexico experienced a transition to a more democratic system, with the PRI losing presidential power and the emergence of stronger opposition parties. However, some of the challenges, such as corruption and influence of vested interests, continue to affect Mexico's democratic governance.