Shorelines Most Vulnerable to Sea‑Level Rise

Coastlines that are low‑lying, sandy, and lack natural buffers (coral reefs, mangroves, dunes, cliffs) face the greatest risk. This includes:

• Densely populated delta cities (e.g., Miami, Shanghai, Dhaka, Lagos).
• Barrier islands and atoll nations (Maldives, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands).
• Tourist‑dependent beaches with minimal elevation.

Adaptation strategies: managed retreat, beach nourishment, living shorelines, and hardened infrastructure.