What did queen Elizabeth the 1 do to make sure England could defend herself from foreign attacks?

Queen Elizabeth I knew that England needed a strong navy to defend itself from foreign attacks, especially from Spain. She invested heavily in building new ships and expanding the existing fleet. By the end of her reign, the Royal Navy was the most powerful in Europe.

2. Established the first standing army

Before Elizabeth's reign, England did not have a standing army. Instead, the king would call up troops when needed from the feudal nobility. This system was often inefficient and unreliable. Elizabeth established the first standing army, which meant that England always had a force of trained soldiers ready to fight.

3. Fortified the coast

Elizabeth ordered the construction of a series of forts and castles along the English coast. These fortifications helped to protect England from invasion by sea.

4. Developed new military tactics

Elizabeth's military commanders developed new tactics that gave the English an advantage in battle. These tactics included the use of longbows, artillery, and cavalry.

5. Established an intelligence network

Elizabeth had a network of spies who kept her informed about the plans of her enemies. This intelligence helped her to stay one step ahead of her opponents.

As a result of these measures, England was able to successfully defend itself from foreign attacks during Elizabeth's reign. She left England in a much stronger position than she had found it, and her policies helped to ensure England's security for many years to come.