- Outer walls: These were the first line of defense and were typically made of stone or brick. They were often very high and thick, and were often equipped with towers and gates.
- Moat: A moat was a ditch filled with water that surrounded the castle. This made it difficult for attackers to reach the castle, and also provided a source of water for the castle's inhabitants.
- Drawbridge: A drawbridge was a bridge that could be raised or lowered to allow access to the castle. When raised, the drawbridge made it impossible for attackers to enter the castle.
- Portcullis: A portcullis was a heavy gate that could be lowered from the ceiling to block the entrance to the castle.
- Murder holes: Murder holes were small holes in the ceiling that allowed defenders to drop objects on attackers below.
In addition to these fortifications, the surrounding area of a castle was often cleared of trees and other obstacles that could provide cover for attackers. This made it difficult for attackers to approach the castle without being seen.
The surrounding area of a castle was also often used for agricultural purposes, as the castle needed a large supply of food to support its inhabitants. Fields, orchards, and gardens were often located near the castle, and these were often tended by the castle's serfs.
