Other main languages:
* Kazakh
* Tuvan
* Buryat
* Russian
* Chinese
Minor other languages:
* Oirat
* Darkhad
Many educated Mongolians speak Russian or English as a second language. More Mongolians also speak Chinese with the rise of economic cooperation with China. While Chinese and Russians form large minorities in some border areas; Chinese is mainly in Inner Mongolia to the extreme south; some in Ulaanbaatar. Most Russians are descendants of exiles sent into Mongolia's northernmost valleys.