* Ainu: spoken by a small group of indigenous people in Hokkaido
* Okinawan: spoken on the Okinawa islands
* Hachijō: spoken on the Izu islands
* Amami Ōshima: spoken on the Amami islands
In addition to these, there are also a number of sign languages used in Japan, including:
* Japanese Sign Language (JSL): the official sign language of Japan
* Ryukyuan Sign Language: used on the Okinawa islands
* Hachijō Sign Language: used on the Izu islands