Antarctica is a land of extremes. The average temperature in January, the warmest month, is -29 degrees Celsius (-18 degrees Fahrenheit). The average temperature in July, the coldest month, is -63 degrees Celsius (-81 degrees Fahrenheit). The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 14.2 degrees Celsius (57.6 degrees Fahrenheit) on December 29, 1982, at Vanda Station in the Ross Desert. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was -89.2 degrees Celsius (-128.6 degrees Fahrenheit) at the Soviet Union's Vostok Station on July 21, 1983.
The ice sheet that covers Antarctica is an average of 2,160 meters (7,100 feet) thick. The ice sheet is so heavy that it has depressed the Earth's crust by more than 100 meters (330 feet) in some places.
Antarctica is a continent with a rich history. The first people to set foot on Antarctica were a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev in 1820. The first person to reach the South Pole was Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, on December 14, 1911.
Today, Antarctica is a popular destination for scientific research. There are over 50 research stations on the continent, operated by countries from all over the world. Scientists study a wide range of topics in Antarctica, including climate change, geology, and biology.