What were the africans excluded from 1884 Berlin conference because European leaders were?

1. Colonial Ambitions: European powers sought to expand their colonial empires and divide Africa among themselves without considering the interests or rights of African people.

2. Racism and Paternalism: Many European leaders held racist beliefs and viewed Africans as inferior, lacking the capacity for self-governance. They saw the conference as an opportunity to "civilize" Africa and impose European control.

3. Economic Interests: European powers were primarily interested in exploiting Africa's natural resources and labor force for their economic benefit, rather than promoting the welfare of African societies.

4. Lack of African Representation: African leaders were not invited to the conference, which was attended solely by European representatives. This exclusion reinforced the idea that Africans were not capable of participating in international decision-making processes.

5. Divide and Conquer: By excluding Africans, European powers sought to prevent the formation of alliances or unified resistance against colonial rule. They aimed to maintain their dominance by fragmenting African societies and undermining their ability to negotiate collectively.

The 1884 Berlin Conference exemplified the disregard for African agency and self-determination, prioritizing European interests and perpetuating unequal power dynamics that still have lasting effects on African societies today.