Has China Always Been Called "China"?

No. The English name "China" derives from the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE)—the first unified Chinese empire—via Sanskrit Cīna, Persian Chīn, and Malay Cina to Portuguese China (16th century).

Endonyms (native names) through history:

• Zhōngguó (中國) – "Middle Kingdom / Central State" (used since Zhou Dynasty, ~1000 BCE)
• Huáxià (華夏) – "Civilized Splendor" (classical cultural self-designation)
• Shénzhōu (神州) – "Divine Land" (poetic/literary)
• Dynastic names: Han, Tang, Song, Ming, Qing, etc. (citizens identified by dynasty)

"China" entered European languages through maritime trade (Portuguese, then Spanish, Dutch, English). The PRC (1949) and ROC (1912) both use Zhōngguó officially; "China" is the conventional English exonym.