- Faced large-scale Mongol invasions during the 13th century under Genghis Khan.
- The Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, ruled over China for nearly a century.
Russia:
- Mongol-led Golden Horde conquered and controlled large parts of Russia from the 13th to 15th century.
- This era of dominance had a profound impact on Russian history, politics, and culture.
Eastern Europe:
- Mongol armies campaigned in Eastern Europe multiple times, reaching as far as Poland, Hungary, and the Balkans in the mid-13th century.
- These invasions caused widespread devastation and disrupted the regional balance of power.
Middle East:
- Mongol conquests swept through the Middle East in the 13th century, including territories like Persia (modern-day Iran) and Iraq.
- The Mongols influenced local culture, society, and politics, particularly during the rule of the Ilkhanate.
Central Asia:
- As the Mongols expanded from their Central Asian homeland, they conquered and governed vast territories across the region, including areas of modern-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan.
South Asia:
- Mongol incursions into South Asia primarily targeted the Indian subcontinent.
- The Delhi Sultanate experienced multiple Mongol raids, including the famous sack of Delhi in 1398 by Timur (Tamerlane).
