Flat Topography: The topography of Bangladesh is predominantly flat, with a maximum elevation of only 32 feet (10 meters) above sea level. This flatness means that even a slight rise in water levels can result in extensive inundation.
Deltaic Landscape: The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, where Bangladesh is situated, is one of the world's largest river deltas. Deltas are dynamic environments where rivers frequently change course and deposit sediment. This dynamic nature, combined with the low elevation, makes Bangladesh particularly vulnerable to flooding.
High Rainfall: Bangladesh experiences heavy rainfall, especially during the monsoon season (June to September). The country receives an average annual rainfall of over 5,000 mm (197 inches), with some areas receiving as much as 10,000 mm (394 inches). This intense rainfall contributes significantly to flooding.
Inadequate Infrastructure: Bangladesh's infrastructure, including embankments, dams, and drainage systems, is insufficient to effectively manage the volume of water during heavy rains. Many embankments are in poor condition or poorly designed, leading to breaches during floods. Inadequate drainage systems also hinder the efficient discharge of water.
Population Density: Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with over 160 million people living within its borders. This high population density means that a large number of people are at risk during floods, exacerbating the vulnerability of the country.
Climate Change Impact: Climate change is intensifying the flooding situation in Bangladesh. Rising global temperatures are leading to more extreme rainfall events and sea-level rise, which further increases the risk of flooding in low-lying areas.
