| Feature | Australia | Antarctica |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Between Indian & Pacific Oceans, Southern Hemisphere | South Pole, surrounded by Southern Ocean |
| Area | 7.69 million km² | 14.2 million km² (larger) |
| Population | ~26 million (2020) | 1,000–5,000 (seasonal researchers) |
| Capital | Canberra | None |
| Government | Constitutional Monarchy | Antarctic Treaty System (54 nations) |
| Climate | Temperate to Tropical | Polar (coldest continent) |
| Biodiversity | High (unique flora/fauna) | Low (extremophiles, marine life) |
Key Distinction: Australia is an inhabited, sovereign continent-nation. Antarctica is a de-militarized, internationally governed scientific preserve with no permanent residents or government.