Why Panama Separated from Colombia in 1903

Panama had been part of Colombia since independence from Spain (1821). By 1903, separatist sentiment grew, fueled by:

• Neglect by Bogotá.
• U.S. interest in a trans-isthmian canal (after French failure).
• Colombian Senate's rejection of the Hay-Herrán Treaty (canal rights).

With U.S. naval support, Panama declared independence November 3, 1903. The U.S. quickly recognized it and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, securing the Canal Zone.