It is the largest river in French Guiana, with a total drainage area of over 20,000 square kilometres. The river begins in the Tumuc Humac Mountains (Montes Tumuc-Humac) and flows northward for 450 kilometres before entering the Atlantic Ocean east of the city of Oiapoque.
The river is fed by heavy rainfall in the region; it has many waterfalls and rapids, which are not navigable. This lack of navigability has contributed to the area's isolation and undeveloped status, despite its rich mineral and forest resources.