What Middle Eastern countries existed in the 1500s?

In the 1500s, the primary political forces in the Middle East were the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Iran. The region also included a number of other smaller states and entities.

Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of the Middle East, including present day Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. At the height of its power, the empire also controlled parts of North Africa and Southern Europe.

Safavid dynasty: The Safavid dynasty was a Shia Muslim empire that ruled over Iran and parts of the Caucasus region. The Safavids were the main rivals of the Ottomans, and the two empires fought several wars over the control of the region.

Mamluk Sultanate: The Mamluk Sultanate was an Islamic state that ruled over Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. The Mamluks were a group of military slaves who took control of Egypt after the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty.

Yemenite Zaydi Imamate: The Yemenite Zaydi Imamate was a Shia Muslim state that ruled over parts of Yemen. The Imams of Yemen were religious leaders who claimed direct descent from the Prophet Muhammad.

Kingdom of Aksum: The Kingdom of Aksum was a Christian state that ruled over much of present day Eritrea and Ethiopia. The Kingdom of Aksum was a major power in the region, and had a significant influence on the development of Christianity in Africa.

Mughal Empire: The Mughal Empire was an Islamic empire that ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent. The Mughals were descendants of Timur and Genghis Khan, and were known for their military strength and architectural achievements.