The flora or vegetation of Punjab can be broadly classified into the following types:
1. Tropical Deciduous Forests: These forests are found in the Shivalik Hills and the lower Himalayas in Punjab. They consist of trees like sal, rosewood, and mulberry, as well as bamboo and various flowering plants.
2. Sub-Tropical Pine Forests: These forests are found in the higher elevations of the Shivalik Hills and the Himalayas. They consist of trees like pine, spruce, fir, and cedar.
3. Temperate Forests: These forests are found in the mid-Himalayan region of Punjab. They consist of trees like oak, maple, birch, and rhododendron.
4. Alpine Forests: These forests are found in the higher elevations of the Himalayas in Punjab. They consist of trees like juniper, yew, and willow.
5. Riverine Forests: These forests are found along the riverbanks in Punjab. They consist of trees like poplar, willow, and tamarisk.
6. Grasslands: The grasslands of Punjab are mainly found in the plains. They consist of various types of grasses, legumes, and shrubs.
7. Wetlands: Punjab has a number of wetlands, including lakes, marshes, and swamps. These wetlands support a variety of aquatic plants and animals.
8. Desert Vegetation: The desert areas of Punjab are characterized by sparse vegetation, consisting of drought-resistant plants like cacti, succulents, and thorny shrubs.
Fauna of Punjab:
The fauna of Punjab is rich and diverse, with a wide range of species. Some of the notable species include:
Mammals:
* Leopard
* Snow leopard
* Sloth bear
* Asian black bear
* Himalayan marmot
* Pangolin
* Musk deer
* Kashmir stag
* Goral
* Serow
* Blue sheep
* Bharal
* Himalayan tahr
* Golden jackal
* Indian wolf
* Red fox
* Indian civet
* Small Indian civet
* Indian grey mongoose
* Common otter
* Himalayan weasel
* Stoat
* Kashmir flying squirrel
* Giant flying squirrel
* Northern red-cheeked squirrel
* Five-striped palm squirrel
* Indian crested porcupine
Birds:
* Western tragopan
* Himalayan monal
* Koklass pheasant
* Cheer pheasant
* Kalij pheasant
* Snow cock
* Himalayan snowcock
* Chukar partridge
* Grey partridge
* Black partridge
* Common peafowl
* Indian peafowl
* Red-wattled lapwing
* Yellow-wattled lapwing
* Northern lapwing
* Black-headed gull
* Common gull
* Lesser black-backed gull
* Brown-headed gull
* Yellow-legged gull
* Caspian gull
* European golden plover
* Pacific golden plover
* Northern shoveler
* Gadwall
* Mallard
* Northern pintail
* Green-winged teal
* Common teal
* Tufted duck
* Common pochard
* Red-crested pochard
* Greater scaup
* Lesser scaup
* Common merganser
* Red-breasted merganser
* Himalayan griffon vulture
* Cinereous vulture
* Eurasian griffon vulture
* Egyptian vulture
* White-rumped vulture
* Indian vulture
* Lesser Fish Eagle
* Greater spotted eagle
* Tawny eagle
* Steppe eagle
* Imperial eagle
* Bonelli's eagle
* Cinereous harrier
* Hen harrier
* Pallid harrier
* Montagu's harrier
* Marsh harrier
* Northern goshawk
* Eurasian sparrowhawk
* Japanese sparrowhawk
* Northern goshawk
* Eurasian sparrowhawk
* Japanese sparrowhawk
* Northern goshawk
* Eurasian sparrowhawk
* Japanese sparrowhawk
* Pied Kingfisher
* Common Kingfisher
* White-throated Kingfisher
* Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher
* Blue-throated Barbet
* Coppersmith Barbet
* Great Barbet
* Lineated Barbet
* Grey-headed Woodpecker
* Rufous Woodpecker
* Great Slaty Woodpecker
* Himalayan Woodpecker
* Brown-fronted Woodpecker
* Black-rumped Flameback
* Lesser Yellownape
* Crimson-fronted Barbet
* Blue-throated Barbet
* Coppersmith Barbet
* Great Barbet
* Lineated Barbet
* Grey-headed Woodpecker
* Rufous Woodpecker
* Great Slaty Woodpecker
* Himalayan Woodpecker
* Brown-fronted Woodpecker
* Black-rumped Flameback
* Lesser Yellownape
* Crimson-fronted Barbet
Reptiles:
* Indian cobra
* Spectacled cobra
* Russell's viper
* Saw-scaled viper
* Common krait
* Banded krait
* Indian rock python
* Reticulated python
* Burmese python
* Monitor lizard
* Common garden lizard
* Indian chameleon
* Flying lizard
* Gecko
Amphibians:
* Common toad
* Indian bullfrog
* Tree frog
* Cricket frog
* Glass frog
* Painted frog
* Golden frog
Fish:
* Rohu
* Catla
* Mrigal
* Common carp
* Grass carp
* Silver carp
* Bighead carp
* Tench
* Goldfish
* Koi carp
* Loach
* Catfish
* Eel
* Snakehead
* Featherback
* Perch
* Trout
* Salmon
* Hilsa
* Sardine
* Mackerel
* Tuna
Invertebrates:
* Honey bee
* Bumble bee
* Red mason bee
* Blue mason bee
* Leafcutting bee
* Carpenter bee
* Ant
* Termite
* Cricket
* Grasshopper
* Locust
* Praying mantis
* Stick insect
* Leaf insect
* Butterfly
* Moth
* Beetle
* Fly
* Mosquito
* Mite
* Tick
* Leech
