The Berlin Wall: From Barbed Wire to Concrete Barrier

The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier dividing Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) starting 13 August 1961, it completely cut off West Berlin from East Germany and East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers, a wide "death strip" with anti-tank obstacles, mines, and other defenses. East Germany claimed it protected against fascist elements preventing "building of socialism."

Initially a rickety structure of cinder blocks and barbed wire, it was reinforced over time into a formidable obstacle 12 feet high and 4 feet thick. Checkpoints allowed East German guards to inspect people and belongings. The Wall symbolized oppression and division, separating families and friends, but also became a symbol of resistance. In 1989, after peaceful demonstrations, it was opened and Germany reunified.