Scientific Revolution:
- Significant advancements in science, technology, and medicine shaped this era.
Enlightenment:
- The Enlightenment embraced rational thinking, intellectual freedom, and challenged traditional beliefs.
Colonial Expansion:
- European nations intensified their exploration, trade, and colonization of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Seven Years' War (1756-1763):
- A global conflict primarily fought between Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Spain, and their respective allies.
American Revolutionary War (1775-1783):
- This war led to the establishment of the United States of America as an independent nation.
French Revolution (1789-1799):
- Overthrew the monarchy and established the First French Republic, triggering political instability across Europe.
Napoleon's Conquests (1804-1814):
- Napoleon Bonaparte's military campaigns transformed the political landscape of Europe.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815):
- European nations met to redraw borders and establish a balance of power after Napoleon's defeat.
The Industrial Revolution:
- Britain initiated the Industrial Revolution, which significantly changed the way goods were produced.
Nationalism:
- Nationalist sentiments grew, influencing political and cultural developments.
Revolutions of 1848:
- A wave of revolutions spread across Europe, demanding democratic reforms and greater political participation.
Crimean War (1853-1856):
- A conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia over control of the Ottoman territories.