Who governed Europe in 1918?

The primary governing bodies in Europe in 1918 were:

1. Monarchical Empires:

- German Empire: Kaiser Wilhelm II

- Austro-Hungarian Empire: Emperor Charles I

- Russian Empire: Tsar Nicholas II (up until March 1917)

- Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed VI

2. Republics:

- France: President Raymond Poincaré

- Switzerland: President Felix-Louis Calonder

- Portugal: President Sidónio Pais

3. Constitutional Monarchies:

- United Kingdom: King George V

- Italy: King Victor Emmanuel III

- Spain: King Alfonso XIII

- Netherlands: Queen Wilhelmina

4. Balkan States:

- Kingdom of Serbia: King Peter I

- Kingdom of Bulgaria: King Ferdinand I

- Kingdom of Greece: King Constantine I

It is important to note that significant changes occurred in the political landscape of Europe during and after 1918. The war led to the collapse of several monarchies, including the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires, and the establishment of new republics and nation-states.