European Countries Bordering the Mediterranean Sea: 13 Nations

Thirteen sovereign European states have Mediterranean coastlines:

1. Spain
2. France
3. Monaco
4. Italy
5. Malta
6. Slovenia
7. Croatia
8. Bosnia and Herzegovina
9. Montenegro
10. Albania
11. Greece
12. Cyprus
13. Turkey (transcontinental; European part borders Sea of Marmara, connected to Med)

These nations share the Mediterranean climate, trade history, and environmental challenges (pollution, overfishing, sea-level rise).