Which European countries had influence over Iran during the 20th century?

During the 20th century, several European countries had significant influence over Iran (formerly Persia). The most notable among them are:

1. Russia (Soviet Union): Russia, and later the Soviet Union, had a long history of involvement in Iran dating back to the 19th century. Russia sought to expand its influence in the region and often intervened in Iranian affairs. In 1907, Britain, Russia, and France signed the Anglo-Russian Convention, dividing Iran into spheres of influence. Russia had a sphere of influence in the north of Iran, including areas such as Tabriz, Rasht, and Mashhad. The Soviet Union continued to have influence in Iran after the Russian Revolution, and it supported various communist and socialist movements in the country.

2. Britain (United Kingdom): Britain was another major European power that had significant influence in Iran. Britain's interest in Iran was primarily driven by its strategic location, which was seen as a gateway to India, its most important colony. Britain sought to control Iran's oil resources and prevent other powers, particularly Russia, from gaining too much influence in the region. Britain played a key role in shaping Iran's political and economic development during the 20th century, often intervening to protect its interests.

3. France: France also had a presence in Iran during the 20th century, although its influence was less significant compared to Russia and Britain. France was involved in various economic and cultural activities in Iran, including the establishment of schools and the promotion of French culture and language. French companies were also involved in the development of Iran's oil industry.

These European countries used various means to exert their influence over Iran, including diplomatic negotiations, economic agreements, military interventions, and support for different political factions and groups within the country. Their influence had a profound impact on Iran's political, economic, and cultural development during the 20th century.