How Mexico Became a Spanish Colony

Mexico's colonization by Spain unfolded through several key stages:

1. Fall of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521): Hernán Cortés exploited internal divisions, allied with Aztec enemies, and used superior arms to conquer Tenochtitlan.
2. Colonial Administration: New Spain established with a viceroy; encomienda system granted settlers tribute and labor from Indigenous communities.
3. Spread of Catholicism: Missions and churches built; Indigenous people converted, often blending Catholic and traditional beliefs.
4. Resource Extraction: Silver and gold mining became economic pillars, relying on forced Indigenous labor.
5. Social Hierarchy: Peninsulares (Spanish-born) dominated; Indigenous people faced discrimination and exploitation.
6. Resistance: Numerous Indigenous revolts were suppressed.
7. Independence (1810–1821): Triggered by events in Spain, nationalism, and internal conflict; Mexico won independence in 1821.

Spanish rule lasted over three centuries, profoundly shaping Mexico's history, society, and culture.