Hernán Cortés and the Fall of the Aztec Empire

Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521). With a small force, he exploited political divisions and used superior tactics to topple a major civilization.

Key Steps

1. Alliances – Partnered with Tlaxcalans and other groups resentful of Aztec domination.
2. Entry & Montezuma's Capture – Entered Tenochtitlan, seized Emperor Moctezuma II.
3. Noche Triste (1520) – Forced retreat after Aztec uprising; heavy Spanish losses.
4. Siege of Tenochtitlan (1521) – Cut supplies, used artillery, blockaded causeways.
5. Smallpox – European disease devastated Aztec population, crippling resistance.
6. Fall & Aftermath – Tenochtitlan fell August 1521. Cortés built Mexico City on its ruins, became governor of New Spain. Systematic destruction of Aztec temples, imposition of Catholicism.

Cortés' conquest reshaped Mesoamerica, establishing Spanish colonial rule for three centuries.