1. English Ships: The English ships were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable than the Spanish galleons. They were able to outmaneuver the Spanish ships and attack them from a distance, using their superior firepower.
2. Fire Ships: The English used fire ships to great effect against the Spanish Armada. These were ships that were set on fire and then allowed to drift into the Spanish fleet, causing panic and confusion.
3. Disease: Disease played a significant role in the failure of the Armada. Many Spanish sailors died from diseases such as typhus, dysentery, and scurvy.
4. Weather: The weather also worked against the Spanish. A series of storms damaged the Spanish ships and made it difficult for them to sail.
5. Morale: The morale of the Spanish sailors was low. They were poorly paid, ill-fed, and had little faith in their commander, the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
6. Lack of Supplies: The Spanish Armada was poorly supplied. They had insufficient food, water, and ammunition, which made it difficult for them to sustain a long campaign.
7. Leadership: The Spanish Armada was poorly led. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was inexperienced and indecisive. He was unable to make quick decisions and adapt to changing circumstances.