Communist States in Latin America: Clarifying Cuba and Peru's Political Systems

There are no communist states in Latin America.

• Cuba is a socialist state (Marxist-Leninist single-party system) since 1959.
• Peru is a constitutional republic with a multi-party democracy.

Other left-leaning governments (e.g., Venezuela, Nicaragua, Bolivia at times) have pursued socialist policies but remain within republican frameworks. “Communist state” implies a specific Leninist structure; only Cuba fits that label in the region.