Ocean Currents Affecting New York's Climate

Warm Currents (Moderating)

• Gulf Stream: Carries tropical heat north along US East Coast; keeps NYC winters milder than latitude suggests.
• North Atlantic Drift: Extension of Gulf Stream toward Europe; reinforces warmth.

Cold Currents (Cooling)

• Labrador Current: Flows south from Arctic along Newfoundland/Nova Scotia; brings cold water, fog, icebergs; cools NYC coastal waters in winter.
• East Greenland Current: Arctic outflow; indirect influence via North Atlantic circulation.

Net effect: NYC has humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with cold winters but not extreme for 40°N, thanks to Gulf Stream dominance.