Colonial Powers in Mid-1700s North America: Britain's 13 Colonies, France's New France, and Spain's Southern Holdings

Around 1750, three European powers dominated:

• Great Britain – 13 colonies along the Atlantic (Virginia to Georgia).
• France – New France (Canada, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley to Louisiana) + Saint-Domingue (Haiti).
• Spain – Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California (mission/presidio chain).

Britain's coastal colonies were most populous; France's vast interior network relied on fur trade; Spain's holdings were sparse but strategic.