* Charlemagne (742–814)
* United much of Western Europe under his rule
* Promoted Christianity and education
* Established the Carolingian Empire
* Louis IX (1214–1270)
* Also known as Saint Louis
* Led several Crusades to the Holy Land
* Established the Parlement of Paris, the highest court in France
* Built many cathedrals and churches
* Francis I (1494–1547)
* Promoted the Renaissance in France
* Built the Château de Chambord, one of the most famous châteaux in the Loire Valley
* Patronized many artists and writers, including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
* Louis XIV (1638–1715)
* Also known as the Sun King
* Ruled France for 72 years, the longest reign in European history
* Built the Palace of Versailles, one of the most opulent palaces in the world
* France became the leading power in Europe under his rule
Kings of England
* William the Conqueror (1028–1087)
* Also known as William the Bastard
* Invaded England and defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066
* Established the Norman dynasty in England
* Built the Tower of London
* Richard I (1157–1199)
* Also known as Richard the Lionheart
* Led the Third Crusade to the Holy Land
* Captured the city of Acre from the Muslims
* Was ransomed back to England after being captured by the Holy Roman Emperor
* Edward I (1239–1307)
* Also known as Edward Longshanks
* Conquered Wales and Scotland
* Established the English Parliament
* Built many castles, including Caernarfon Castle and Conwy Castle
* Henry VIII (1491–1547)
* Broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England
* Married six times
* Had two daughters who became queens of England, Mary I and Elizabeth I