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1. Timber: Timber-framed construction was a widely used technique, particularly in rural areas. Wooden beams were used to create a structural framework, and the spaces between the beams were infilled with wattle and daub (a mixture of interwoven twigs or sticks covered in clay or mud).
2. Stone: Stone was another popular building material, especially in areas where it was readily available. Limestone, sandstone, and granite were commonly used for constructing walls, foundations, and other architectural features.
3. Bricks: Bricks were also used in Elizabethan England, although they were not as common as timber and stone. Brick construction became more prevalent in later years due to its durability and fire-resistant properties.
4. Thatch: Thatch roofing was a common choice for rural cottages and other small structures. Thatching involved using dried grasses, reeds, or straw to create a waterproof layer on the roof.
5. Flint: Flint was sometimes used as a building material, particularly in areas where it was abundant. Flint could be used in combination with other materials, such as stone or brick, to create decorative patterns or textures on walls.
6. Glass: Glass windows became more common in Elizabethan England, although they were still relatively expensive and mainly found in larger houses, churches, and public buildings. Leaded glass windows, made by joining small panes of glass together with lead came, were commonly used.
It's worth noting that the construction methods and materials used during the Elizabethan period varied across regions and social classes. Wealthy individuals and institutions could afford to use more expensive and elaborate materials, while poorer people often relied on locally available resources and simpler construction techniques.