U.S. Commonwealths: Only Puerto Rico—States Are Not Commonwealths

A persistent civic misconception: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia call themselves "Commonwealths" in their official names. But legally, constitutionally, and federally—they are states. The only U.S. commonwealth is Puerto Rico.

The Four "Commonwealth" States

Why "Commonwealth"? Revolutionary-era terminology emphasizing "common weal" (public welfare) vs. monarchical "province." No legal difference from "State."

The Actual U.S. Commonwealth: Puerto Rico

• Official name: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico / Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
• Status since: 1952 (Constitution approved by Congress, ratified by voters)
• Relationship: Unincorporated U.S. territory; U.S. citizens; no presidential vote; no voting Congress members; federal laws apply selectively
• Autonomy: Own constitution, governor, legislature, judiciary, tax system, Olympic team
• Not a state: No sovereignty; Congress can override; territory clause (Art. IV, §3) applies

Other "Commonwealth" Uses in U.S. Context

• Northern Mariana Islands: Commonwealth in political union with U.S. (since 1976)
• Historical: Philippines (Commonwealth 1935–1946 → independence)
• British Commonwealth: 56 nations — completely separate; U.S. not a member

Why the Confusion Persists

• Four states use the word in their style
• "Commonwealth" sounds distinct from "state"
• Puerto Rico's status is poorly taught
• Media often conflates terminology

Bottom Line

50 states. Four happen to style themselves "Commonwealth." One territory (Puerto Rico) is a commonwealth in the legal, territorial sense. One other territory (CNMI) uses the label. Zero states are commonwealths.