There are several reasons a plane might have issues in the air. Pilot errors can occur during a normal flight or in response to a mechanical problem. Flying a plane in poor weather conditions, not maintaining the proper speed, ignoring fuel levels or not following directions from air traffic control are all examples of pilot error. The most common mechanical problems include engine failure, defective computers and negligent plane maintenance.
When a pilot realizes the plane is in trouble over water, she first determines the location of the plane on its route. Next, she figures out if the plane should turn around or fly to the closest diversion airport. If the aircraft features two engines and one is lost, the plane may not be able to maintain its cruise altitude. The aircraft performance computer on board determines the maximum altitude. If the plane needs to make an immediate descent, the pilot will make a drift-down to the allowed maximum altitude.
Pilots are taught to fly the plane first and then talk. When flying over water, reaching Air Traffic Control takes longer because contact is made through either a two-way radio or satellite voice communication. The pilot initially states his airline and flight number, declares an emergency and explains what he will do next, such as lowering the plane into the water. The pilot is also responsible for stating the number of people on the aircraft.
Once Air Traffic Control is notified and a plan is in place, the lead flight attendant is alerted to what is happening, what the procedures will be and the time of the emergency landing. Once the pilot's company operations are notified, an announcement is made to the passengers explaining the nature of the plane's problem and the planned action. Flight attendants must prepare the passengers for a water evacuation, raft deployment and raft survival.
When a plane needs to land or "ditch" in the water, pilots typically try to land parallel to a swell somewhere near ships or shipping lanes. On-board emergency equipment, such as rafts, water and medical supplies, allows for only a few days of survival. Because the presence of water always brings additional problems, it is crucial that a rescue team arrive immediately.
