How could traders from the landlocked city-states gain access to sea?

There are a few ways that traders from landlocked city-states could gain access to the sea:

* Through rivers: Many landlocked cities are located on rivers that flow to the sea. This allowed traders to transport their goods by boat to the coast, where they could be loaded onto larger ships and transported to other parts of the world.

* Through canals: Canals are man-made waterways that connect two bodies of water. In the past, canals were often built to allow traders to transport their goods between different rivers or lakes, or to connect a landlocked city to the sea.

* Overland: In some cases, traders from landlocked cities had to transport their goods overland to reach the sea. This was often a difficult and dangerous journey, as the traders had to cross mountains, deserts, and other obstacles.

The ability to gain access to the sea was essential for the economic success of landlocked city-states. By having access to the sea, traders could transport their goods to other parts of the world and expand their markets. This allowed them to accumulate wealth and power, and to become major centers of trade and commerce.