The fuselage is the body of the plane and includes the cockpit where the pilot sits during flight. A fuselage is typically long and hollow and holds the rest of the airplane together. The actual shape of the fuselage is determined by the type of airplane. For example, a supersonic fighter's fuselage is extremely slender to reduce drag so it can fly faster. In a commercial plane, the fuselage is typically large and wide in order to carry passengers and cargo.
As most people know, wings are the part of the airplane that helps it fly. However, unlike how many people think, wings do not make the airplane fly by "slicing" through the air such as a paper plane might. Instead, they employ Bernoulli's Principle which states that "the pressure of a fluid [liquid or gas] decreases as the speed of the fluid increases." Air must travel faster over the wings which creates a situation in which the air has less pressure over the wing than under. This creates lift as the plane naturally moves into the area with less pressure. The shape of the wing also depends on the type of plane. While the Wright Flyer's wing was a simple rectangle, the Concorde has a narrow triangle wing designed for much faster flight. On the rear side of each wing is the aileron that moves up and down in order to make the airplane turn right or left. The wing also has flaps that slow the airplane for landing.
The vertical part of the tail is called the rudder and it lets the pilot turn the nose of the airplane left or right. This does not steer the aircraft itself but can be used with the aileron for smoother turns. The elevator is the horizontal part of the tail that lets the pilot move the nose up and down, helping the pilot keep the plane flying straight whether flying level, climbing or descending.
Whether a propeller plane or jet, the engine of a plane is what creates thrust and propels the plane forward. In the case of a jet, the engine power pushes the plane forward whereas a propeller essentially pulls the plane.
Airplanes also typically have many instruments in the cockpit such as the altimeter and flight air speed indicator. These are the tools which the pilot uses to properly fly the plane. While airplane mechanics use a lot of repair tools that would be familiar to anyone -- such as wrenches and screw drivers -- there are a number of tools that are specific to aircraft maintenance.
